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Harold Garfinkel
Harold Garfinkel (October 29, 1917 – April 21, 2011) was a sociologist, ethnomethodologist, and a Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is known for establishing and developing ethnomethodology as a field of inquiry in sociology. He published multiple books throughout his lifetime and is well known for his book, ''Studies in Ethnomethodology'', which was published in 1967.
==Biography==
Harold Garfinkel was born in Newark, New Jersey on October 29, 1917, and was raised there throughout his childhood.〔Sica, Alan. 2005. “Harold Garfinkel: 1917.” Pp. 608-612 in Social Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Present. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.〕 His father, a furniture dealer, had hoped his son would follow him into the family business.〔Sica, Alan. 2005. “Harold Garfinkel: 1917.” Pp. 608-612 in Social Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Present. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.〕 Although he did help his father out with the family business, Garfinkel decided to also attend college and study accounting at the University of Newark.〔Ritzer, George. 2011. “Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 391-415 in Sociological Theory. 8th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.〕 At the University of Newark, courses were mainly taught by Columbia graduate students, who brought more theoretical experiences to the classroom.〔Ritzer, George. 2011. “Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 391-415 in ''Sociological Theory''. 8th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.〕 This theoretical approach guided Garfinkel later on in his theories he formed.〔Ritzer, George. 2011. “Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 391-415 in ''Sociological Theory''. 8th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.〕 In the summer following graduation, Garfinkel volunteered at a Quaker work camp in Cornelia, Georgia. This was an eye-opening experience for Garfinkel. He worked with students from diverse backgrounds who demonstrated a wide variety of interests, influencing his decision to later take up sociology as a career.〔Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Harold Garfinkel." In ''The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists'', edited by George Ritzer, 122-53. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2003.〕 While volunteering in Georgia, Garfinkel learned about the sociology program at the University of North Carolina.〔Ritzer, George. 2011. “Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 391-415 in ''Sociological Theory''. 8th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.〕 This program specifically focused on public work projects like the one Garfinkel was working on.〔Ritzer, George. 2011. “Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 391-415 in Sociological Theory. 8th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.〕 Garfinkel completed his Masters in 1942 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill after writing his thesis on interracial homicide.〔Ritzer, George. 2011. “Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 391-415 in ''Sociological Theory''. 8th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.〕 Before graduating, he worked under the supervision of his graduate professor, Howard W. Odum. Garfinkel wrote the short story "Color Trouble" which was first published in the journal, Opportunity, in 1940. "Color Trouble" discussed the victimization of segregated black women traveling on a bus in Virginia.〔Doubt, Keith. 1989. “Garfinkel Before Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 252-253 in The American Sociologist. Ipswich, MA.〕 With the onset of World War II, he was drafted into the Army Air Corps and served as a trainer at a base in Florida. As the war effort wound down he was transferred to Gulfport, Mississippi, where he met his wife and lifelong partner, Arlene Steinback.
After the war, Garfinkel went to study at Harvard and met Talcott Parsons at the newly formed Department of Social Relations at Harvard University.〔Ritzer, George. 2011. “Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 391-415 in ''Sociological Theory''. 8th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.〕 While Parsons studied and emphasized abstract categories and generalizations, Garfinkel's work was more focused on detailed description.〔Ritzer, George. 2011. “Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 391-415 in ''Sociological Theory''. 8th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.〕 "What set Garfinkel apart from Parsons's other students and colleagues was his extreme commitment to ''empirical studies.'' Rather than ask, for example, what kinds of normative networks are necessary to sustain family structures, Garfinkel would more likely ask: 'What normative networks ''are'' there?' or 'Are there any normative networks?'"〔Hilbert, Richard. 1992. ''The Classical Roots of Ethnomethodology: Durkheim, Weber, and Garfinkel'', p. 3. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.〕 While Garfinkel continued to earn his degree at Harvard, sociologist, Wilbert E. Moore, invited Garfinkel to work on the Organizational Behavior Project at Princeton University. Garfinkel taught at Princeton University for two years.〔Ritzer, George. 2011. “Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 391-415 in ''Sociological Theory''. 8th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.〕 This brought him in contact with some of the most prominent scholars of the day in the behavioral, informational, and social sciences including: Gregory Bateson, Kenneth Burke, Paul Lazarsfeld, Frederick Mosteller, Philip Selznick, Herbert A. Simon, and John von Neumann.〔Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Editor's Introduction." In Harold Garfinkel's ''Toward a Sociological Theory of Information '', 1-100. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2008.〕 Garfinkel completed his dissertation, "The Perception of the Other: A Study in Social Order," in 1952.
After receiving his doctorate from Harvard, Garfinkel was asked to talk at a 1954 American Sociological Association meeting and created the term "ethnomethodology."〔Ritzer, George. 2011. “Ethnomethodology.” Pp. 391-415 in ''Sociological Theory''. 8th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.〕 Ethnomethodology became his main focus of study. It is "the investigation of the rational properties of indexical expressions and other practical actions as contingent ongoing accomplishments of organized artful practices of everyday life" 〔Lemert, C. (2010). Reflexive Properties of Practical Sociology. In Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings (Vol. 4, pp. 439-443). Philadelphia: Westview Press.〕 In 1954 he joined the sociology faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles. During the period 1963–64 he served as a Research Fellow at the Center for the Scientific Study of Suicide.〔Shneidman, Edwin S., ed. ''Essays in Self-Destruction ''. New York: Science House, 1967.〕 Garfinkel spent the ’75-’76 school year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and, in 1979–1980, was a visiting fellow at Oxford University. In 1995 he was awarded the "Cooley-Mead Award" from the American Sociological Association for his contributions to the field.〔Maynard, Douglas. Introduction of Harold Garfinkel for the Cooley-Mead award. ''Social Psychology Quarterly'' 59, no. 1 (1996): 1-4.〕 He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Nottingham in 1996. He officially retired from UCLA in 1987, though continued as an emeritus professor until his death on April 21, 2011 in Los Angeles, California.
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